Roger Lee
More posts from Roger Lee
At Battery, a central part of our consumer investing practice involves tracking the evolution of where and how consumers find and purchase goods and services. From our annual Battery Marketplace Index, we’ve seen seismic shifts in how consumer purchasing behavior has changed over the years, starting with the move to the web and, more recently, to mobile and on-demand via smartphones.
The evolution looks like this in a nutshell: In the early days, listing sites like Craigslist, Angie’s List* and Yelp effectively put the Yellow Pages online — you could find a new restaurant or plumber on the web, but the process of contacting them was largely still offline. As consumers grew more comfortable with the web, marketplaces like eBay, Etsy, Expedia and Wayfair* emerged, enabling historically offline transactions to occur online.
More recently, and spurred in large part by mobile, on-demand use cases, managed marketplaces like Uber, DoorDash, Instacart and StockX* have taken online consumer purchasing a step further. They play a greater role in the operations of the marketplace, from automatically matching demand with supply, to verifying the supply side for quality, to dynamic pricing.
Each stage of this evolution unlocked billions of dollars in value, and many of the names listed above remain the largest consumer internet companies today.
At their core, these companies are facilitators, matching consumer demand with existing supply of a product or service. While there is no doubt these companies play a hugely valuable role in our lives, we increasingly believe that simply facilitating a transaction or service isn’t enough. Particularly in industries where supply is scarce, or in old-guard industries where innovation in the underlying product or service is slow, a digitized marketplace — even when managed — can produce underwhelming experiences for consumers.
In these instances, starting from the ground up is what is really required to deliver an optimal consumer experience. Back in 2014, Chris Dixon wrote a bit about this phenomenon in his post on “Full stack startups.” Fast forward several years, and more startups than ever are “full stack” or as we call it, “end-to-end operators.”
These businesses are fundamentally reimagining their product experience by owning the entire value chain, from end to end, thereby creating a step-functionally better experience for consumers. Owning more in the stack of operations gives these companies better control over quality, customer service, delivery, pricing and more — which gives consumers a better, faster and cheaper experience.
It’s worth noting that these end-to-end models typically require more capital to reach scale, as greater upfront investment is necessary to get them off the ground than other, more narrowly focused marketplaces. But in our experience, the additional capital required is often outweighed by the value captured from owning the entire experience.
End-to-end operators span many verticals
Many of these businesses have reached meaningful scale across industries:
All of these companies have recognized they can deliver more value to consumers by “owning” every aspect of the underlying product or service — from the bike to the workout content in Peloton’s case, or the bank account to the credit card in Chime’s case. They have reinvented and reimagined the entire consumer experience, from end to end.
What does success for end-to-end operator businesses look like?
As investors, we’ve had the privilege of meeting with many of these next-generation end-to-end operators over the years and found that those with the greatest success tend to exhibit the five key elements below:
1. Going after very large markets
The end-to-end approach makes the most sense when disrupting very large markets. In the graphic above, notice that most of these companies play in the largest, but notoriously archaic industries like banking, insurance, real estate, healthcare, etc. Incumbents in these industries are very large and entrenched, but they are legacy players, making them slow to adopt new technology. For the most part, they have failed to meet the needs of our digital-native, mobile-savvy generation and their experiences lag behind consumer expectations of today (evidenced by low, or sometimes even negative, NPS scores). Rebuilding the experience from the ground up is sometimes the only way to satisfy today’s consumers in these massive markets.
2. Step-functionally better consumer experience versus the status quo
The key purpose of being end-to-end is to deliver an even better value proposition to consumers relative to incumbent alternatives. Doing this requires identifying the biggest pain points in the status quo and building your business around solving for them.
Peloton is an ideal example. Fitness used to mean going to the gym, but this was no fun (less than 20% of gym members work out consistently) and, during a pandemic, not very safe. Numerous digital-fitness content companies have emerged over the years, but Peloton is the one that has enjoyed the most success. The company achieved this by combining its own hardware, software and media to create an innovative, convenient and fun in-home, consumer-fitness experience.
The roughly $50 billion market cap business, per CapIQ, sees NPS scores in the 80-90s and less than 1% monthly churn consistently. This is what a step-functionally better customer experience looks and feels like.
3. Marriage of technology and data as a core differentiator and moat
Technology and data underpin all successful end-to-end operators. Working in conjunction, they have the ability to drive more efficient customer acquisition or distribution, reduce variable and fixed costs via automation, lower prices for consumers, expand or create incremental supply, and ultimately deliver better experiences (which means more loyal customers). Data and technology are what separate incumbents from the next-gen and produce deep moats over time, making it hard for new upstarts to unseat them.
Good examples where these trends are playing out are the next-gen insurtechs like Lemonade (for renters insurance; NYSE: LMND), Hippo (for homebuyers), Ethos (for life insurance), Next Insurance* (for small businesses) and Root Insurance (for autos; NASDAQ: ROOT). These companies use technology to simplify the traditionally opaque insurance-buying process and allow consumers to purchase new policies much faster and with much greater ease. As digital-only products, they don’t rely on offline agency networks for distribution like legacy incumbents do, and their customers can purchase policies wherever they are. Aggregating real-time data signals allows them to underwrite their customers more accurately, which can translate to savings (especially for lower-risk customers).
4. Superior unit economics relative to legacy incumbents
Technology should also yield superior business models for end-to-end operators. While these businesses are often more capital-intensive initially (as they require rebuilding infrastructure from the ground up and own more pieces of the value chain), their steady-state P&Ls can be more attractive due to better unit economics and lack of overhead associated with legacy businesses.
Neobanks like Chime, N26* and Revolut are great examples. Despite eliminating fees to consumers, they still exhibit very attractive unit economics. They do this by first operating without the overhead costs of physical branches — they don’t need bricks and mortar because they’re purely digital. Their revenue model is also lucrative: For example, every time a consumer swipes their debit or credit card, the merchant pays an interchange fee of which the neobank takes a cut. That’s a predictable, consistent revenue stream with high margins. Further, consumers who set up direct deposit into their neobank accounts are much stickier. With a customer relationship this deep, they can offer services like lending, trading or wealth management that increase average revenue per user (ARPU) with zero marginal acquisition cost.
Of course, for every success there are also failures. Take WeWork: The company certainly offered a delightful experience, but it was mismanaged and lacked a sustainable business model, with unit economics that just didn’t work. It was a great product, but a bad business. If you’re building an end-to-end business, ensure you have both.
5. Brand builds trust = organic growth
When you own and operate the experience end to end, you can create a delightful and enduring brand while carving out a niche unique to you. Over time, this benefits you by attracting more customers organically, through word of mouth or simply brand recognition.
Many well-known D2C e-commerce companies pioneered the end-to-end approach, with a laser focus on building great brands. Away’s* luggage is the centerpiece of an Insta-ready brand culture around travel. Dollar Shave Club* parlayed funny, memorable ads about razors into a digital brand for all men’s grooming products. Glossier (beauty/wellness) leveraged influencers to grow their brand via social media.
Nothing good comes easily
End-to-end operator businesses aren’t for everyone. They’re challenging to build because “you need to get good at many different things: software, hardware, design, consumer marketing, supply chain management, sales, partnerships, regulation, etc.” as Chris Dixon said.
As a founder seeking funding, you may find yourself needing to overexplain to VCs all the things you are investing in, and why those extra investments will pay off over time. However, when executed correctly, these upfront investments can result in dramatically better customer experiences, hard-to-replicate businesses, superlative economics and category-defining brands — all of which can unlock significant value over time.
The right investor will recognize when you have all these elements of success and help you unlock the company’s full potential.
Battery Ventures provides investment advisory services solely to privately offered funds. Battery Ventures neither solicits nor makes its services available to the public or other advisory clients. For more information about Battery Ventures’ potential financing capabilities for prospective portfolio companies, please refer to our website.
*Denotes a past or present Battery portfolio company. For a full list of all Battery investments, please click here. Investments identified above are for illustrative purposes only. No assumptions should be made that any investments identified above were or will be profitable. It should not be assumed that recommendations in the future will be profitable or equal the performance of the companies identified above.
Content obtained from third-party sources, although believed to be reliable, has not been independently verified as to its accuracy or completeness and cannot be guaranteed. Battery Ventures has no obligation to update, modify or amend the content of this post nor notify its readers in the event that any information, opinion, projection, forecast or estimate included, changes or subsequently becomes inaccurate.
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